While SIM cards have historically served as a primary means of identifying and tracking mobile devices, advancements in GPS, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth technologies have expanded the horizons of phone tracking beyond the constraints of SIM card dependency.

I mean that’s what I tried to say, SIM cards are the biggest offender when it comes to phone tracking, since they’re linked to your ID card, it’s such an easy method of tracking, unfortunately the article doesn’t go in depth ( as it claims ) on how to leverage GPS tracking for example, which brings me to my second question

given the resources that a state can bring to bear.

SIM card is the primary method used, it’s so easy and available, the government will for sure take advantage of such tracking capability, but since the article doesn’t give any example of how can GPS tracking can be achieved, like we know that the SIM card pings cell towers all the time, and it transmits unique IDs, and you buy it with an ID, you get the picture… in the case of other tracking methods, it’s seems ( to me at least ), that the attacker ( the government in this case, not necessarily the US government ), has to invest in extra resources to leverage such tracking capabilities that use obscure methods, how much that’s question? they must be really motivated