Today, I’m talking to Jay Graber, the CEO of Bluesky Social, which is a decentralized competitor to Twitter, er, X. Bluesky actually started inside of what was then known as Twitter — it was a project from then-CEO Jack Dorsey, who spent his days wandering the earth and saying things like Twitter should be a protocol and not a company. Bluesky was supposed to be that protocol, but Jack spun it out of Twitter in 2021, just before Elon Musk bought the company and renamed it X.
What is onion routing?
Say you want to send a letter to a friend of a friend, but you don’t know their address so you can’t send it direct.
Instead, you can package your letter inside a second letter to your mutual friend, asking them to finish filling out the mailing label for you so your message will reach the intended recipient.
They call it “Onion Routing” because the message can be wrapped in multiple layers of these routing requests, with each recipient stripping off the layer addressed to them and forwarding the remainder on to the next connection in the chain.
Using this protocol, so-called “Friend to Friend” networks can still enable communication between non-friends so long as a “5 degrees of Kevin Bacon”-style connection exists between you and whoever you’re trying to reach.
Tor.
The TOR network is indeed the most widely-used implementation of onion routing, but it isn’t the only example.
My go-to reference is Retroshare, an open-source app that implements onion routing on top of an encrypted friend-to-friend network:
http://retroshare.cc/
You only connect to your trusted friends, but by passing messages along the Kevin Bacon chain it’s still possible to reach practically anyone on the network. Retroshare’s built-in services include email, instant messaging, traditional web forums, microblogging, and Reddit-style karma-ranked forums/linkboards, and third party plugins include voice and video chat. It’s desktop-only, but I think it demonstrates that serverless social networks are possible.